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5b. Mutable and Immutable Objects

Martin Alfaro
PhD in Economics
Code Script
This section's scripts are available here, under the name allCode.jl. They've been tested under Julia 1.11.3.

Introduction

Objects in programming can be broadly classified into two categories: mutable and immutable. Mutable objects permit modification of their internal state after creation. This means that their elements can be modified, appended, or removed at will, thus providing a high degree of flexibility. A prime example is vectors.

In contrast, immutable objects can't be altered after their creation: they prevent additions, removals, or modifications of their elements. A common example of immutable object is tuples. Immutability effectively locks variables into a read-only state, safeguarding against unintended changes. Simultaneously, it can result in potential performance gains, as we'll show in Part II of this website.

This section will be relatively brief, focusing solely on the distinctions between mutable and immutable objects. Subsequent sections will expand on their uses and properties.

Remark
A popular package called StaticArrays provides an implementation of immutable vectors. We'll explore this package in the context of high performance, as it greatly speeds up computations that involve small vectors.

Examples of Mutability and Immutability

To illustrate, the following examples attempt to modify existing elements of a collection. The examples rely on vectors as an example of a mutable object and tuples for immutable ones. Additionally, we present the case of strings as another example of immutable object. Recall that strings are essentially sequences of characters, usually employed to represent text.

x = [3,4,5]
Output in REPL
julia>
x[1] = 0

julia>
x
3-element Vector{Int64}:
 0
 4
 5
x = (3,4,5)
Output in REPL
julia>
x[1] = 0
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching setindex!(::Tuple{Int64, Int64, Int64}, ::Int64, ::Int64)
x = "hello"
Output in REPL
julia>
x
'h': ASCII/Unicode U+0068 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia>
x[1] = 'a'
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching setindex!(::String, ::Char, ::Int64)

The key characteristic of mutable objects is their ability to modify existing elements. Moreover, mutability commonly allows for the dynamic addition and removal of elements. In a subsequent section, we'll present various methods for implementing this functionality. For now, we simply demonstrate the concept by using the functions push! and pop!, which respectively add and remove an element at the end of a collection.

x = [3,4]

push!(x, 5)       # add element 5 at the end
Output in REPL
julia>
x
3-element Vector{Int64}:
 3
 4
 5
x = [3,4,5]

pop!(x)           # delete last element
Output in REPL
julia>
x
2-element Vector{Int64}:
 3
 4

x = (3,4,5)

pop!(x)           # ERROR, error too with push!(x, <some element>)

Output in REPL
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching pop!(::Tuple{Int64, Int64, Int64})